general strain theory definition

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12-10-2024

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General Strain Theory: Why Stress Leads to Crime

What is General Strain Theory?

General Strain Theory (GST), developed by Robert Agnew, posits that stressful life experiences can significantly increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. This theory goes beyond traditional criminological theories that focus solely on economic factors and explores the broader range of strains that can push individuals toward deviance.

What Kinds of Strains are We Talking About?

Agnew identifies three main types of strains:

• Failure to Achieve Positively Valued Goals: This strain arises when individuals are blocked from achieving their desired goals, whether it be financial success, a good job, or even a loving relationship. Think about someone who dreams of becoming a doctor but lacks the resources to pursue the necessary education. This frustration could lead them to engage in criminal activities to achieve their goal in a different way.
• Removal of Positively Valued Stimuli: This strain occurs when something positive is lost or taken away. Examples include the loss of a loved one, job loss, or even a break-up. The pain of these losses can lead individuals to seek solace in destructive behaviors, including criminal activity.
• Presentation of Negative Stimuli: This strain refers to experiencing negative events or situations, such as abuse, bullying, discrimination, or even living in a high-crime neighborhood. Feeling constantly threatened or unsafe can increase the likelihood of resorting to crime as a way to protect oneself or retaliate.

But Why Does Strain Lead to Crime?

GST argues that strain doesn't automatically translate into criminal behavior. Instead, the likelihood of committing a crime depends on a number of factors, including:

• Magnitude of the Strain: The more severe the strain, the greater the likelihood of criminal activity.
• Frequency of the Strain: Frequent exposure to strain can make individuals more likely to become desensitized to its impact, increasing the chances of engaging in criminal behavior.
• Duration of the Strain: Long-lasting strains can lead to feelings of hopelessness and anger, making individuals more susceptible to criminal solutions.

The Importance of Coping Mechanisms

GST acknowledges the importance of coping mechanisms in mitigating the effects of strain. Individuals who have strong support systems, healthy ways to manage their emotions, and access to legitimate opportunities are less likely to resort to crime.

Examples of General Strain Theory in Action

• School Shootings: The Columbine High School massacre, for example, is often cited as a case where school bullying and social isolation, forms of negative stimuli, contributed to the perpetrators' actions.
• Drug Dealing: Individuals who fail to achieve financial success through legitimate means might turn to drug dealing as a way to make money, demonstrating the strain of failed goals.
• Domestic Violence: A partner who experiences abuse from their significant other might engage in criminal behavior as a way to protect themselves, highlighting the strain of negative stimuli.

What Does General Strain Theory Tell Us About Crime Prevention?

By understanding the factors that contribute to strain, we can develop more effective crime prevention strategies. This includes:

• Providing support for individuals facing difficult life circumstances: This could involve mental health services, social support programs, and job training opportunities.
• Addressing social inequalities: Reducing poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to education can mitigate strain and reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior.
• Building strong communities: Strengthening social bonds and fostering a sense of belonging can provide individuals with the support they need to cope with stressful situations.

Further Research

While General Strain Theory offers a valuable framework for understanding criminal behavior, ongoing research continues to refine its application. For example, research is exploring how cultural factors and individual differences, like personality traits, might influence how individuals respond to strain.

References

• Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87.
• Agnew, R. (2006). General Strain Theory. In Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford University Press.

This article provides a general overview of General Strain Theory. It is important to note that individual cases are complex, and this theory alone cannot fully explain every instance of criminal behavior. However, GST offers a valuable lens through which to examine the underlying social and individual factors that contribute to crime.